Radiation generator and power supply configuration for well logging instruments

ABSTRACT

A well logging instrument includes a radiation generator and a high voltage power supply functionally coupled to the generator. The generator and the supply are longitudinally separated by a distance sufficient for emplacement of a radiation detector. At least a first radiation detector is disposed in a space between the generator and the supply. The instrument includes an electrical connection between the supply and the generator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No.12/672,425 filed on Aug. 6, 2008 and published on Oct. 25, 2012 asUS2012/0267520, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 60/954,586 filed on Aug. 8, 2007. The contents of bothapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to the field of neutron generator-typewell logging instruments. More specifically, the invention relates tostructures for high voltage power supplies used with neutrongenerator-type well logging instruments to enable better placement ofinternal components of such instruments.

2. Background Art

The characteristics of geological formations are of significant interestin the exploration for, production and monitoring of subsurface waterand mineral deposits, such as oil and gas. To that end, a variety oftechniques have been developed to measure subsurface characteristics andevaluate the characteristics to determine certain petrophysicalproperties of interest. These techniques typically include thesubsurface deployment of tools or instruments having energy sources toemit energy into the formations (usually from within a boreholetraversing the formations). The emitted energy interacts with thesurrounding formations to produce signals that are detected and measuredby one or more sensors on the instrument. By processing the detectedsignal data, a profile or log of the subsurface properties is obtained.

A variety of logging techniques have been developed to evaluatesubsurface formations. A number of such techniques include emittingneutrons into the formation and evaluating the results of neutroninteractions with formation nuclei. Various types of radiation sourceshave been used in subsurface well logging systems. For example, neutronsor gamma rays may be generated simply through the use of radioactiveisotopes (which naturally decay over time), an x-ray source may be usedor neutrons may be generated in an electronic device utilizing a nuclearfusion reaction to generate neutrons on demand. In such electronicneutron sources, high-energy neutrons may be generated through thecontrolled collision of energized particles by using a nuclear fusionreaction caused by accelerating ions toward a target at high voltage, soas to emit neutrons in bursts of fully controllable lengths and timesequences. Such devices may be referred to for convenience as neutrongenerators to distinguish them from chemical isotope sources. Oneneutron generator (referred to as a “pulsed” neutron generator) isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,291. The neutron source described inthe '291 patent uses an accelerator tube in which charged particles,such as deuterium ions, are accelerated across a high voltage potentialand contact a target element such as tritium. The reaction between thedeuterium ions with the tritium target produces substantiallymonoenergetic bursts of neutrons at an energy level of about 14 millionelectron volts (MeV). In most well logging applications the neutrons arenot emitted continuously but in short bursts of well-defined lengths andsequence of repetition, however continuous generation of neutrons isalso possible. When using such a neutron generator, the formationsurrounding the instrument is typically subjected to repeated, discrete“bursts” of high energy neutrons. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,501,964, 4,883,956,4,926,044, 4,937,446, 4,972,082, 5,434,408, 5,105,080, 5,235,185,5,539,225, and 5,608,215, for example, describe well logging instrumentsequipped with pulsed neutron generators.

In well logging using a neutron generator, the borehole and surroundingformation are irradiated with neutrons, and the various interactions ofthe neutrons with constituent nuclei are measured. Pulsed neutron welllogging instruments typically include one or more sensors or detectorsthat record numbers of neutrons, particularly epithermal energy andthermal energy, as well as gamma rays which are emitted as a result ofthe interaction of the neutrons with the subsurface formations and thefluids in the borehole itself. The gamma rays may include inelasticgamma rays which are a consequence of high-energy collisions of theneutrons with atomic nuclei in the subsurface formations, as well ascapture gamma rays emitted when low energy (thermal) neutrons arecaptured by susceptible atomic nuclei in the formations (for example,chlorine). Various relevant well logging techniques and tools aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,783 to Grau, U.S. Pat.No. 4,507,554 to Hertzog et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,021,653 to Roscoe etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,351 to Roscoe et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,097,123to Grau et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,594 to Carroll, and U.S. Pat. No.5,521,378 to Roscoe et al.

Properties of the formations which may be determined as a result ofmeasuring neutron and gamma ray phenomena include, for example,formation density, fractional volume of void or pore space in theformation (porosity), carbon/oxygen (C/O) ratios, formation lithology,and neutron capture cross section (Sigma), among other measurements.Properties which may be determined by spectral analysis of the gammarays include concentration of various chemical elements, for example.Properties of fluids in the wellbore may also be determined from variousneutron and gamma ray measurements.

Nuclear measurements are also useable in nuclear spectroscopy techniquesto obtain qualitative and quantitative information related to subsurfacefluid movement. U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,518 describes an instrument equippedwith a neutron source and sensors adapted to measure water flow throughneutron oxygen activation. Alternative techniques for subsurface fluidmeasurements include the use of radioactive markers or tracers toidentify flow path between formations or wells. U.S. Pat. Nos.5,049,743, 5,182,051, 5,243,190, and 5,929,437 describe the use ofelements that can be made radioactive by bombardment with neutrons sotheir location can be determined by nuclear logging. Logging toolsequipped with gamma ray detectors are particularly suited to distinguishand determine the location of trace materials.

The nuclear phenomena detected with the foregoing instruments arerepresentative of interactions not only with the formation nuclei, butalso with the instrument and the borehole. In order to penetrate theformation, the high energy neutrons must pass through the fluid in theborehole (and casing in some applications) before entering theformation. The resulting non-formation contributions to the measuredradiations significantly complicate the analysis of the formationcharacteristics. The problem is all the more complex since thesensitivity of the detector(s) to the radiations coming from theborehole, instrument and the formation, is a function of manyparameters, such as, to name a few, lithology, porosity, borehole size,casing size/weight/eccentricity, cement quality, detector housings, orborehole fluid composition. In practice, several techniques have beendevised to account for these contributions and to discriminate theundesired radiations from the desired radiations.

For certain types of neutron measurements, the neutron generator and itsassociated high voltage power supply may be disposed in an instrumenthousing along with neutron detectors, a neutron monitor detector, gammaray detectors, or some combinations of the foregoing. Neutron generatorwell logging instruments known in the art include a high voltage powersupply to operate the neutron generator disposed adjacent to the neutrongenerator. Certain of the foregoing detectors may need to be in nearlyidentical longitudinal positions as the neutron generator within theinstrument in order to optimize the measurements made by the suchdetectors. Such optimal detector placement is impracticable usingconventional instrument configurations where the neutron generator andits associated high voltage power supply are disposed proximate eachother. FIG. 1 illustrates such conventional instrument configuration.The instrument 10 includes a spectroscopy detector 12 operable for gammaray detection, neutron detectors at different longitudinal positions,e.g., near 14 and far/array 16, a pulsed neutron generator 18, andappropriate shielding 20.

FIG. 2 illustrates another known instrument configuration. Theinstrument 30 is configured in what is called the “split-physicsdesign”, in which smaller diameter detectors 32, 34 can be disposedlongitudinally alongside the neutron generator 36. Larger detectors 38,such as the gamma-ray detector referred to above, can be longitudinallydisplaced from the neutron generator 36 so that the combination ofdetectors can be better optimized. Appropriate shielding 39 is alsoincluded in the instrument. The instrument shown in FIG. 2 is described,for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,148,471 assigned to the assignee of thepresent invention. Limitations inherent in the configuration of FIG. 2includes that the size of the detectors 32, 34 near the neutrongenerator 36 must be relatively small, and/or the diameter of theinstrument housing must be relatively large. The foregoing may limit theoptimum placement of detectors that are typically larger in diameter,for example, spectral gamma ray detector, or may require the use ofinstrument housings of such size as to require the use of the instrumentonly in larger diameter wellbores.

The foregoing statements related to neutron well logging instruments mayalso apply to well logging instruments having x-ray generators therein.

A need exists for improved radiation generator and detectorconfiguration within a well logging instrument.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A well logging instrument according to one aspect of the inventionincludes a radiation generator and a high voltage power supplyfunctionally coupled to the generator. The radiation generator and thesupply are longitudinally separated by a distance sufficient foremplacement of a radiation detector. At least a first radiation detectoris disposed in a space between the radiation generator and the powersupply. The instrument includes an electrical connection between thesupply and the radiation generator.

A method for evaluating formations traversed by a borehole according toanother aspect of the invention includes generating electrical power tooperate a radiation generator at a position longitudinally separatedfrom a position of the neutron generator along the borehole. Thelongitudinal separation is sufficient to emplace a radiation detector.The electrical power is conducted to the radiation generator. Thegenerator is operated to emit radiation into the formations. Radiationis detected at a longitudinal position between the position of thegenerating electrical power and the position of the radiation generator.

Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a prior art neutron generator well logging instrument.

FIG. 2 shows another prior art neutron generator well logginginstrument.

FIG. 3 shows one example of a radiation generator well logginginstrument according to the invention.

FIGS. 3A through 3D show cross sections of the instrument shown in FIG.3 at selected longitudinal positions.

FIG. 4 shows another example well logging instrument according to theinvention.

FIGS. 4E and 4F show cross sections of the instrument of FIG. 4 atselected longitudinal positions.

FIG. 5 shows another example of an instrument according to theinvention.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show cross sections of the instrument of FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 shows another example of an instrument according to theinvention.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show cross sections of the instrument of FIG. 6.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 3 shows one example of a well logging instrument according to theinvention. A well logging instrument 40 includes an elongated housing40A having therein a gamma ray detector 42, which may be a scintillationcrystal coupled to a photomultiplier and an associated multichannelpulse height analyzer for determining energy level of gamma raysentering the crystal. The gamma ray detector 42 may be disposed at oneend of the housing 40A. A radiation generator 44, for example, anelectrically operated neutron generator such as a pulsed neutrongenerator, and a plurality of neutron detectors 45, 46, 47 may bedisposed in the housing 40A at various positions longitudinally belowthe radiation generator 44. The neutron detectors 45, 46, 47 may be anycombination of neutron detecting device known in the art used in welllogging instrumentation, including, as non-limiting examples, lithium-6scintillation detectors, helium-3 proportional counters and similardevices. The neutron detectors 45, 46, 47 may include suitable radiationshielding (not shown) according to the energy level of the neutrons tobe detected (e.g., fast, epithermal and thermal), the lateral positionof the detector in the housing 40A and the longitudinal placement of thedetector with respect to the neutron generator 44. A neutron monitordetector 43 may also be disposed in the housing 40A proximate theradiation generator 44 to provide a signal related to the radiationoutput of the generator 44. Appropriate shielding 50 is also disposedwithin the housing 40A as shown in FIG. 1 to reduce detection ofneutrons and/or gamma-radiation directly along the interior of thehousing 40A, as is known in the art.

As used herein, the term “radiation generator” is intended to mean anyelectrically operated device that uses electrical power to controllablygenerate ionizing and/or nuclear radiation. A neutron generator, such asthose identified in the Background section herein are examples of onetype of radiation generator. Another type of radiation generator is anx-ray tube or generator. Used as such, the term “radiation generator” isintended to be distinguished from chemical isotope radiation sources,which produce ionizing and/or nuclear radiation by decay of atomicnuclei and which are not controllable by electrical means. In theexamples shown herein the radiation generator may be a neutrongenerator, however it is to be clearly understood that the invention isapplicable to other types of electrically operated radiation generators.

A high voltage power supply 52 is disposed at one end of the housing 40Aand may be functionally coupled to the neutron generator 44 using a highvoltage connection 54. The purpose of the high voltage power supply 52,among others, is to provide acceleration voltage to a target anode inthe radiation generator 44 to facilitate the nuclear reaction thatproduces neutrons in a neutron generator, or to produce x-rays in anx-ray generator. As used herein, therefore, the term “high voltage” asapplied to an electrical power supply is intended to mean that theoutput voltage of such power supply is within a range used to operate aradiation generator target anode. The length of the connection 54 andthe corresponding longitudinal distance between the neutron generator 44and the power supply 52 should be enough to enable placement of one ormore radiation detectors between the generator 44 and the power supply52.

By separating the high voltage power supply 52 longitudinally from theneutron generator 44, i.e., by using the high voltage connection 54, asmaller overall tool diameter and/or length is made possible, along withpossible improved detector placement and improved shielding for thedetectors 45, 46, 47 in cases where the detectors are best positionedproximate to the neutron generator 44. A well logging instrumentaccording to the invention can be implemented using any one of a numberof different devices for making the connection 54. For example, theconnection 54 can include a small diameter tube made of a suitablematerial, for example, steel. The tube can be routed within theinstrument housing 40A in a number of different ways. In one example,the tube is disposed within the housing 40A surrounded by a high voltageinsulating gas (e.g., sulfur hexafluoride). Another example may beimplemented with a high voltage electrical cable with suitableelectrical connectors at the ends thereof. Quick-connect type couplingsmay be used to implement the connectors as known in the art. Anotherexample can be implemented with an integrated connection between thegenerator 44 and the power supply 52 using materials known in the art,for example copper wire disposed in an insulating material such asceramic, teflon, fluorinert, sulfur hexafluoride or combinations of theforegoing. Still other examples may be implemented with connectionshaving an inherent resistance. For example, a connection can be formedwith a suitable high voltage cable having a predetermined electricalresistance. Such cable may be similar in configuration to an automotivespark plug cable. The resistance characteristics of such cable can beselected to provide an overall resistance sufficient to serve as a surgeresistor and could combine the features of electrical conductivity andthe need for a surge resistor in the high voltage circuit to the neutrongenerator. Yet another example may include a high voltage connector madeby Spellman High Voltage Electronics Corporation, Valhalla, N.Y. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that other configurations of a highvoltage connection allowing for placement of devices such as detectorsbetween the power supply 52 and the neutron generator 44 may be usedother examples.

FIGS. 3A through 3D show cross sections of the instrument of FIG. 3 atvarious longitudinal positions along the instrument. FIG. 3A shows across section at the position of the neutron generator 44 and themonitor detector 43. FIG. 3B shows a cross section at the position ofone of the neutron detectors 45. Part or all of the volume within thecross section of the housing 40A not occupied by the detector 45 and theconnection 54 may be filled with one or more types of radiationshielding 45A. FIG. 3C shows a cross section at a position of otherneutron detectors 46 a, 46 b. The detectors 46 a, 46 b in FIG. 3Ccorrespond to the detector shown at 46 in FIG. 3 and are intended toexemplify an array of neutron detectors at a same longitudinal spacingfrom the neutron generator (44 in FIG. 3). Such arrays are known in theart. As in the cross section shown in FIG. 3B, the section shown in FIG.3C may have all or part of the volume inside the housing 40A notoccupied by the detectors 46 a, 46 b and the connection 54 includeradiation shielding 45A. FIG. 3D shows a cross section of the instrumentat the position of a neutron detector 47 that is farthest spaced fromthe pulsed neutron generator (44 in FIG. 3).

FIG. 4 shows another example of an instrument according to theinvention. The instrument 60 may implemented with a large spectral gammaray detector 62 disposed in the instrument housing 60A proximate to thehigh voltage connection 64. A plurality of neutron detectors 65, 66, 67,68 may also be disposed within the instrument housing 60A at variouslongitudinal distances from a pulsed neutron generator 70. A neutronmonitor detector 71 may also be disposed in the instrument in a mannersimilar to the previous example. Appropriate shielding 72 may alsodisposed within the instrument housing 60A to reduce detection ofdirectly propagated neutrons and/or gamma-radiation as known in the art.Various examples may also be implemented with additional detectors, suchas a gamma-ray detector 73 disposed at one longitudinal end of theinstrument 60. For clarity of the illustration, the high voltage powersupply is not shown in FIG. 4. It will be understood that the voltageconnection 64 extends into the lower portion of the tool to couple withthe voltage supply. Though not to be limited to any particularconveyance techniques, the instrument configurations shown in FIGS. 3and 4 are suitable for housings designed for wireline conveyance.

FIG. 4E shows a cross section of the instrument of FIG. 4 at alongitudinal position of two of the neutron detectors 66, 67. FIG. 4Fshows a cross section of the instrument of FIG. 4 at the longitudinalposition of the neutron generator 70 and monitor detector 71.

FIG. 5 shows another example of an instrument according to theinvention. This example may more suitable for while-drilling conveyancethan the previous examples, although the example of FIG. 5 is notlimited to such conveyance. A drill collar 80 is disposed in a borehole82 drilled through subsurface rock formations. The borehole 82 containsdrilling fluid 84 (“mud”). The drill collar 80 includes a high voltagepower supply 85 functionally coupled to a pulsed neutron generator 86using a high voltage connection 88. A gamma ray spectroscopy detector 90may be disposed proximate the high voltage connection 88 and proximatethe high voltage power supply 85. The drill collar 80 may include wearbands having boron shielding 91 to provide shielding and addedprotection as known in the art. In one example, neutron detectors 92 maybe disposed within the collar 80 and positioned substantially inalignment with radiation transparent windows 95 formed in a stabilizerblade 97. The stabilizer may be affixed to or mounted on the collar 80.Appropriate radiation shielding 93 is also disposed within the collar80. The neutron detectors 92 may be disposed and surrounded by a boronloaded, rubber/epoxy layer 96. One example of the instrument can beimplemented with a deep-reading density detector 99 and a correspondingradiation transparent window 95 formed in the stabilizer blade 97. Aneutron monitor detector 100 can also be disposed within the collar 80proximate the neutron generator 86 and used as explained with referenceto the previous examples. The space reduction provided by longitudinallyseparating the voltage supply 85 from the neutron generator 86 using thehigh voltage connection 88 enables the collar 80 to have a largerinternal flow channel 105 than was possible using configurations knownin the art prior to the present invention. As known in the art, the flowchannel 105 is provided within the collar 80 and implemented withpressure barrier means (e.g., via a stand-alone hole formed in thecollar, a separate pipe or conduit disposed in the collar).

Cross sections of the foregoing instrument are shown in FIGS. 5A and 5Bto illustrate the relative lateral positioning of certain components,including the monitor detector 100 and the shielding 93.

FIG. 6 shows another aspect of the invention. This aspect is also moresuitable for while-drilling applications. A drill collar 200 is disposedin a borehole 82 containing drilling fluid 84. The drill collar 200 isequipped with a voltage supply 202 linked to the neutron generator 204via a voltage connection 205. A spectroscopy detector 207 is disposed bythe voltage connection 205 and near the voltage supply 202. The collar200 is also fitted with a wear band/boron shield 208 to provideshielding and added protection as known in the art. In one aspect,neutron detectors 210 may be disposed within the collar 200 andpositioned in alignment with radiation transparent windows 212 formed ina stabilizer blade 214 on the collar. Appropriate shielding 93 is alsodisposed within the tool. The neutron detectors 210 may be supported andsealed within a rubber/epoxy layer 96. One aspect can be implementedwith a deep density detector 216 and an optional corresponding radiationtransparent window 215 formed in the stabilizer blade 214. A neutronmonitor 220 can also be disposed within the collar 200. Again, the spacereduction provided by separating the voltage supply 202 from the neutrongenerator 204 with a reduced diameter voltage connection 205 allows thecollar 200 to have an adequate internal flow channel 225. Theconfiguration of FIG. 6 provides a smaller overall diameter toolcompared to the tool configuration of FIG. 5.

Cross sections of the foregoing instrument are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6Bto illustrate the relative lateral positioning of certain components.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various logginginstrument configurations can be implemented using the longitudinallyseparated voltage connection techniques disclosed herein. Optimuminstrument configuration in any particular example will depend on thedetector types to be used. It will also be appreciated that thedisclosed instrument configurations can be implemented with variousadditional types of sources and sensors to perform a variety ofsubsurface measurements other than nuclear-type measurements as is knownin the art. Though not shown for clarity of illustration, the disclosedexamples can be implemented with conventional electronics, sources,sensors, hardware, circuitry, housings and materials as known in theart. Certain examples can be implemented using shielding materialscomprising tungsten or any other elements or compounds as known in theart. Radiation transparent windows can be implemented using materialscomprising titanium, zirconium and other materials known in the art forsuch purposes. The neutron detectors may also comprise conventionalthermal and/or epithermal neutron detectors as are known in the art. Thedisclosed examples also work independently of the conveyance method.Systems implemented with the disclosed configurations may be conveyedalong a borehole by without limitation, armored electrical cable(“wireline”), smooth surface wire (“slickline”), using threadedlycoupled pipe or tubing (“logging while drilling”, “logging whiletripping”), or by coiled tubing. Various examples may be permanentlyemplaced in a wellbore for reservoir monitoring.

While the invention has been described with respect to a limited numberof embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of thisdisclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised whichdo not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein.Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by theattached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A well logging instrument, comprising: at leastone of an ionizing and nuclear radiation generator; a high voltage powersupply functionally coupled to the radiation generator, the generatorbeing separated from the power supply; and an electrical connectionbetween the power supply and the generator.
 2. The instrument of claim 1further comprising at least a first radiation detector and wherein atleast one of the connection and the power supply is positioned in a sameradial plane of the instrument as the first radiation detector.
 3. Theinstrument according to claim 2, wherein the at least a first radiationdetector comprises a neutron detector.
 4. The instrument according toclaim 2, wherein the at least a first radiation detector comprises aspectral gamma ray detector.
 5. The instrument according to claim 2,wherein the generator, at least a first detector and the connection aredisposed in a housing configured to move along a borehole drilledthrough subsurface formations.
 6. The instrument of claim 5, wherein thehousing is configured to be conveyed along the borehole by at least oneof wireline, slickline, threadedly coupled tubing and coiled tubing. 7.The instrument according to claim 2, wherein the first radiationdetector and the generator overlap when projected on a radial plane ofthe instrument.
 8. The instrument according to claim 2, wherein thegenerator contacts a wall of the instrument in a predetermined azimuthallocation when projected in the radial plane and the first radiationdetector contacts the wall in the predetermined azimuthal location aswell.
 9. The instrument according to claim 1, wherein the electricalconnection comprises a conductive material surrounded by an electricallyinsulating gas or an electrically insulating liquid.
 10. The instrumentaccording to claim 1, wherein the radiation generator comprises aneutron generator.
 11. The instrument according to claim 1, wherein thegenerator and the power supply each extend in a direction correspondingto the longitudinal direction of the instrument, wherein the powersupply and the generator are radially offset relative to each other. 12.The instrument according to claim 11, wherein the generator and thepower supply are positioned in the instrument so that they partiallyoverlap or do not overlap when projected on a radial plane of theinstrument.
 13. The instrument according to claim 11, wherein thegenerator contacts a wall of the instrument in a predetermined azimuthallocation when projected on a radial plane of the instrument, wherein thepower supply contacts the wall of the instrument at a substantiallyopposite azimuthal location when projected on the radial plane.
 14. Amethod for evaluating formations traversed by a borehole, comprising:generating electrical power to operate at least one of a nuclear and anionizing radiation generator at a position separated from a position ofthe radiation generator along the borehole, conducting the electricalpower to the radiation generator; operating the generator to emitionizing radiation into the formation; and detecting radiation with atleast one radiation detector.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein thedetecting radiation comprises detecting neutrons.
 16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the neutrons comprise at least one of high energyneutrons, thermal neutrons and epithermal neutrons.
 17. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the detecting radiation comprises detecting gammarays.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising spectrallyanalyzing the detected gamma rays.
 19. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising detecting radiation at at least one position between theposition of the generating power and the radiation generator.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, wherein the detecting radiation at at least oneposition comprises detecting gamma rays or neutrons.